Frank Lloyd Wright (and the Mastery of Space)

Frank Lloyd Wright was born Frank Lincoln Wright in the agricultural town of Richland Center, Wisconcin, the United States on 8 June 1867 and died on 9 April 1959. William Carey of the pair with Anna Lloyd Wright Jones.

He is an architect and also as interior design, author and educator. He designed more than 1000 successful projects and work is more than 500 projects.

Wright, better known as an organic architect. And is also known as the architect of America's most popular. When I was a kid Wright poured copyright power by playing with the boxes made children's playground Friedrich Wilhelm August kindergarten (better known as kindergarten Blocks) which awarded her mother. This block is a form of geometry that can be arranged in various forms of combinations to form three-dimensional composition. Learning from this block are affected him so Wright describes in his autobiography about the influence of exercise on the block designs do. Lots of work is based on the geometric shapes. At the age of 14 his parents divorced.In 1885 Wright went to the University of Wisconsin majoring in mechanical engineering, where he joined Phi Delta Theta fraternity and took classes part time for 2 semesters while working on a professor of civil engineering, Alan D. Conover. In 1887 Wright left the university without a degree (although he got a high appreciation of his art from Alma mater in 1955) and moved to Chicago, and joined the architectural firm of Joseph Lyman Silsbe. Within a year, he left Silsbe, and he was apprenticed to the firm Adler and Sullivan. As he began to learn this on Louis Sullivan, especially the doctrine of "organic architecture" which was later extended to him by adjusting between the interior and the neighborhood that became known as the prairie style.

The principles of organic architecture:

1. Simplicity and tranquility, this principle is behind the art. Openness should be incorporated into the structure into an integrated form so that a kind of natural decor and quiet. Detail and decoration is reduced and even fixtures, pictures and furniture should be integrated in the structure.
2. There are many home styles, this principle allows the expression of the personality of each client, although the draft wright always a significant contribution.
3. Correlation of nature, the topography of the architecture, a building must be established in harmony with the surrounding environment.
4. Natural Color, the materials used in construction must be in harmony with the natural color.
5. Material properties, wood must be such as wood and brick must be like a brick, color and texture they should not be changed.
6. Spiritual integrity in architecture, Wright believes the quality of the building must be consistent with human qualities. This means that buildings must provide joy and a decent atmosphere for residents. It is thought more important than a lot of style.

Zaha Hadid

INTRODUCTION
Zaha Hadid is an architect who consistently pushes the boundaries of architecture and urban design. Her work experiments with spatial quality, extending and intensifying existing landscapes in the pursuit of a visionary aesthetic that encompasses all fields of design, ranging from urban scale through to products, interiors and furniture. Best known for her seminal built works (Vitra Fire Station, Land Fomation-One and the Strasbourg Tram Station) her central concerns involve a simultaneous engagement in practice, teaching and research.

EDUCATION AND TEACHING
Hadid studied architecture at the Architectural Association from 1972 and was awarded the Diploma Prize in 1977. She then became a partner of the Office for Metropolitan Architecture, taught at the AA with OMA collaborators Rem Koolhaas and Elia Zenghelis, and later led her own studio at the AA until 1987. Since then she held the Kenzo Tange Chair at the Graduate School of Design, Harvard University, the Sullivan Chair at the University of Chicago School of Architecture, guest professorships at the Hochschule für Bildende Künste in Hamburg, the Knolton School of Architecture, Ohio and the Masters Studio at Columbia University, New York. She will be the Eero Saarinen Visiting Professor of Architectural Design for the Spring Semester 2002 at Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut. In addition, she was made Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Letters and Fellow of the American Institute of Architecture. She is currently Professor at the University of Applied Arts, Vienna.

COMPETITIONS
Hadid has been testing the boundaries of architectural design in a series of research-based competitions. Winning designs include The Peak, Hong Kong (1983), Kurfürstendamm, Berlin (1986), Düsseldorf Art and Media Centre (1992/93), Cardiff Bay Opera House, Wales (1994), Thames Water/Royal Academy Habitable Bridge Competition (1996), the Contemporary Arts Center, Cincinnati (1998), University of North London Holloway Road Bridge (1998), the Centre for Contemporary Arts, Rome (1999), the Bergisel Ski-jump in Innsbruck, Austria (1999), Placa de les Artes in Barcelona (2001), one-north masterplan for Singapore's Science Hub (2001), the Ordrupgaard Museum Extension in Copenhagen (2001) and the temporary Guggenheim Museum in Tokyo (2002).

Other competition entries include large scale urban studies for Hamburg, Madrid, Bordeaux and Cologne; Museum Buildings in Bad Deutsch Altenburg, Austria, Madrid (Prado, Reina Sofia, Royal Palace), the Victoria & Albert Museum's Boilerhouse Gallery, London and a Museum of Islamic Arts in Doha, Qatar; concert halls for Copenhagen and Luxembourg; a theatre for the Hackney Empire, London and large scale multi-functional buildings for 42nd street, New York as well as for the IIT Campus in Chicago, and third prize for an event and delivery center for BMW in Munich.

PROJECTS
Zaha Hadid's built work has won her much academic and public acclaim. Her best known projects to date are the Vitra Fire Station, the LFone pavilion in Weil am Rhein, Germany (1993/1999), a housing project for IBA-Block 2, Berlin (1993), the Mind Zone at the Millennium Dome, Greenwich, London (1999) and a Tram Station and Car Park, Strasbourg (2001). She has also completed furniture and interiors: Bitar, London (1985); Moonsoon Restaurant, Sapporo (1990) and the Z-Scape furniture manufactured by Sawaya and Moroni (2001). Her temporary structures include: Folly in Osaka (1990); Music Video Pavilion in Groningen (1990); a Pavilion for Blueprint Magazine at Interbuild, Birmingham (1995)).
Exhibition designs are: 'The Great Utopia', Guggenheim Museum, New York (1992); 'WishMachine' at the Vienna Kunsthalle (1996); 'Addressing the Century' at the Hayward Gallery, London (1998); Paper Art Biennale, Düren (1996); Venice Biennale Masters Pavilion (1996); Palais des Beaux Arts, Brussels (2000), and the Zaha Hadid Lounge, Wolfsburg (2001-2). Zaha Hadid has also worked on a number of stage sets: Pet Shop Boys World Tour 1999/2000; and Charleroi Dance Company, Belgium (2000). Exhibited projects at the Venice

Biennale, Austria Pavilion were: Bergisel Ski-jump, Austria; Spittelau Viaducts, Vienna; International Pavilion, Contemporary Arts Centre, Rome; and Contemporary Arts Centre, Cincinnati. The British Pavilion showcased Holloway Road Bridge Link (London), Thames Water Habitable Bridge (London) and the Mind Zone, Millennium Dome, (London).

PUBLICATIONS
Hadid's paintings and drawings have always been an important testing field, and a medium for the exploration of her design. This work is widely published in periodicals and monographs which include Zaha Hadid: Planetary Architecture Two (no.11, 1983); GA Architect: Zaha Hadid (no.5, AA files, summer,1986, Tokyo); Zaha Hadid 1983-1991, El Croquis ( no.52, Dec, 1991,Madrid); Zaha Hadid 1992-1995, El Croquis (no. 73, Sept, 1995, Madrid); El Croquis 1996-2001 (no. 103, 2001, Madrid); Zaha Hadid: The Complete Buildings and Projects (Thames & Hudson, London, 1998); Zaha Hadid LF one (Landscape Formation one) in Weil am Rhein (Birkhäuser, 1999); Architecture of Zaha Hadid in photographs by Helene Binet (Lars Muller publishing, 2000); A+U Architecture and Design (no. 374, 2001, Japan); Casabella (no. 693, 2001, Italy); GA Document (nos. 65 and 66. 2001, Japan); New York Times, June 2002; Financial Times, June 2002; The Independent, June 2002.

EXHIBITIONS
Major exhibitions include a retrospective at the Architectural Association, London (1983), the Guggenheim Museum, New York (1978), the GA Gallery, Tokyo (1985), the Deconstructivist Architecture show at MoMA, New York (1988), the Graduate School of Design at Harvard University (1995), Grand Central Station New York (1995), the San Francisco MoMA (1997/98) and the Kunstmuseum, Wolfsburg (2001). Hadid's work also forms part of the permanent collections of various institutions such as MoMA New York, MoMA San Francisco and the Deutsches Architektur Museum, Frankfurt, Germany.

Yale is currently hosting the Zaha Hadid Laboratory, which will exhibit the current work and methods, and a major exhibition in Rome from May 2002, will showcase work for the Centre for Contemporary Art as well as a number of recent and current projects, as will the Venice Architecture Biennale 2002.
CURRENT PROJECTS
Zaha Hadid's office is working on a variety of projects: the Contemporary Arts Centres for Cincinnati and Rome; a ski-jump in Innsbruck, Austria; a masterplan for Singapore's Science Hub; a Science Centre in Wolfsburg, Germany; a ferry terminal in Salerno, Italy; a public square and cinema complex in Barcelona; a Central Plant Building for BMW in Leipzig; as well as a major bridge structure in Abu Dhabi. A landscape design for the Strasbourg Tramway has recently been completed.

Source : www.zaha-hadid.com

Vitruvius

Marcus Vitruvius Pollio (born c. 80–70 BC, died after c. 15 BC) was a Roman writer, architect and engineer (possibly praefectus fabrum during military service or praefect architectus armamentarius of the apparitor status group), active in the 1st century BC. By his own description Vitruvius served as a Ballista (artilleryman), the third class of arms in the military offices. He likely served as chief of the ballista (senior officer of artillery) in charge of doctores ballistarum (artillery experts) and libratores who actually operated the machines. He has been called by some 'the world's first known engineer.

Vitruvius is the author of De architectura, known today as The Ten Books on Architecture, a treatise written of Latin and Greek on architecture, dedicated to the emperor Augustus. In the preface of Book I, Vitruvius dedicates his writings so to give personal knowledge of the quality of buildings to the emperor. Likely Vitruvius is referring to Marcus Agrippa's campaign of public repairs and improvements. This work is the only surviving major book on architecture from classical antiquity. The next major book on architecture, Alberti's reformulation of Ten Books, was not written until 1452.

Vitruvius is famous for asserting in his book De architectura that a structure must exhibit the three qualities of firmitas, utilitas, venustas — that is, it must be strong or durable, useful, and beautiful. According to Vitruvius, architecture is an imitation of nature. As birds and bees built their nests, so humans constructed housing from natural materials, that gave them shelter against the elements. When perfecting this art of building, the Ancient Greek invented the architectural orders: Doric, Ionic and Corinthian. It gave them a sense of proportion, culminating in understanding the proportions of the greatest work of art: the human body. This led Vitruvius in defining his Vitruvian Man, as drawn later by Leonardo da Vinci: the human body inscribed in the circle and the square (the fundamental geometric patterns of the cosmic order).

Vitruvius is sometimes loosely referred to as the first architect, but it is more accurate to describe him as the first Roman architect to have written surviving records of his field. He himself cites older but less complete works. He was less an original thinker or creative intellect than a codifier of existing architectural practice. It should also be noted that Vitruvius had a much wider scope than modern architects. Roman architects practised a wide variety of disciplines; in modern terms, they could be described as being engineers, architects, landscape architects, artists, and craftsmen combined. Etymologically the word architect derives from Greek words meaning 'master' and 'builder'. The first of the Ten Books deals with many subjects which now come within the scope of landscape architecture.

Taken by from : Wikipedia